');--icon-close:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 20 20'%3E%3Cpath d='M15.898 4.045c-.271-.272-.713-.272-.986 0l-4.71 4.711-4.709-4.711c-.272-.272-.714-.272-.986 0s-.272.714 0 .986l4.709 4.711-4.71 4.711c-.272.271-.272.713 0 .986.136.136.314.203.492.203.179 0 .357-.067.493-.203l4.711-4.711 4.71 4.711c.137.136.314.203.494.203.178 0 .355-.067.492-.203.273-.273.273-.715 0-.986l-4.711-4.711 4.711-4.711c.274-.272.274-.714 0-.986z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--icon-chevron-down:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=US-ASCII,%3Csvg%20width%3D%2220%22%20height%3D%2220%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5%206l5%205%205-5%202%201-7%207-7-7%202-1z%22%20fill%3D%22%23555%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");--icon-chevron-up:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cg fill='%23555'%3E%3Cpath d='M5.8 16.4c.4 0 .7-.1.9-.4l4.3-4.6c.5-.5 1.4-.5 1.9 0l4.3 4.6c.2.3.6.4.9.4 1.1 0 1.7-1.3.9-2.1l-6.2-6.8c-.5-.6-1.4-.6-1.9 0l-6.2 6.8c-.5.8.1 2.1 1.1 2.1z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");--icon-magnifying-glass:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xml:space='preserve' viewBox='0 0 53.627 53.627'%3E%3Cpath d='M53.627 49.385 37.795 33.553C40.423 30.046 42 25.709 42 21 42 9.42 32.58 0 21 0S0 9.42 0 21s9.42 21 21 21c4.709 0 9.046-1.577 12.553-4.205l15.832 15.832 4.242-4.242zM2 21C2 10.523 10.523 2 21 2s19 8.523 19 19-8.523 19-19 19S2 31.477 2 21zm33.567 15.093c.178-.172.353-.347.525-.525.146-.151.304-.29.445-.445l14.262 14.262-1.415 1.415-14.261-14.263c.155-.141.293-.299.444-.444z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--icon-location-on:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cg fill='%2389ba89'%3E%3Cpath d='M12 1C7.6 1 4 4.6 4 9s8 14 8 14 8-9.6 8-14-3.6-8-8-8zm0 12c-2.2 0-4-1.8-4-4s1.8-4 4-4 4 1.8 4 4-1.8 4-4 4z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");--icon-location-off:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cg fill='%23c46464'%3E%3Cpath d='M12 1C7.6 1 4 4.6 4 9s8 14 8 14 8-9.6 8-14-3.6-8-8-8zm0 12c-2.2 0-4-1.8-4-4s1.8-4 4-4 4 1.8 4 4-1.8 4-4 4z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");--icon-checkmark:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cg fill='%23555'%3E%3Cpath d='M22.5 4.5c-.8-.8-2.2-.8-3 0L9 15l-4.5-4.5c-.8-.8-2.2-.8-3 0s-.8 2.2 0 3L9 21 22.5 7.5c.8-.8.8-2.2 0-3z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");--icon-plus:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 256 256' fill='%23555'%3E%3Cpath d='M220 128a4.0002 4.0002 0 0 1-4 4h-84v84a4 4 0 0 1-8 0v-84H40a4 4 0 0 1 0-8h84V40a4 4 0 0 1 8 0v84h84a4.0002 4.0002 0 0 1 4 4Z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--icon-minus:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 256 256' fill='%23555'%3E%3Cpath d='M216 132H40a4 4 0 0 1 0-8h176a4 4 0 0 1 0 8Z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--icon-compass:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cg fill='%23555555'%3E%3Cpath d='M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12s4.5 10 10 10 10-4.5 10-10S17.5 2 12 2zm0 18c-4.4 0-8-3.6-8-8s3.6-8 8-8 8 3.6 8 8-3.6 8-8 8zM12 4l-2 8 2 8 2-8-2-8zm0 9c-.6 0-1-.4-1-1s.4-1 1-1 1 .4 1 1-.4 1-1 1z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");--icon-options-v:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cg fill='%23555555'%3E%3Ccircle cx='12' cy='12' r='2'%3E%3C/circle%3E%3Ccircle cx='12' cy='5' r='2'%3E%3C/circle%3E%3Ccircle cx='12' cy='19' r='2'%3E%3C/circle%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");--icon-point-down:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cg fill='%23555555'%3E%3Cpath d='M7.8 7h8.5c.8 0 1.3.8.9 1.5L13 15.6c-.4.6-1.3.6-1.7 0L6.9 8.5C6.5 7.8 7 7 7.8 7z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");--button-icon-padding:20px}.em.em-view-container{position:relative}.em-view-container,div[data-view-id]{position:relative}body .em{--font-family:inherit;--font-weight:inherit;--font-size:1em;--line-height:inherit}:root{--bricks-vh:1vh;--bricks-color-primary:#ffd64f;--bricks-color-secondary:#fc5778;--bricks-text-dark:#212121;--bricks-text-medium:#616161;--bricks-text-light:#9e9e9e;--bricks-text-info:#00b0f4;--bricks-text-success:#11b76b;--bricks-text-warning:#ffa100;--bricks-text-danger:#fa4362;--bricks-bg-info:#e5f3ff;--bricks-bg-success:#e6f6ed;--bricks-bg-warning:#fff2d7;--bricks-bg-danger:#ffe6ec;--bricks-bg-dark:#263238;--bricks-bg-light:#f5f6f7;--bricks-border-color:#dddedf;--bricks-border-radius:4px;--bricks-tooltip-bg:#23282d;--bricks-tooltip-text:#eaecef}html{-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;line-height:1.15}body{margin:0}header,main,nav,section{display:block}img{border-style:none}button,input{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button,input{overflow:visible}button{text-transform:none}[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=submit]::-moz-focus-inner,button::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}[type=submit]:-moz-focusring,button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}[type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}.brxe-section{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:100%}@media (max-width:767px){.brxe-section{flex-wrap:wrap}}.brxe-container{align-items:flex-start;display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:1100px}@media (max-width:767px){.brxe-container{flex-wrap:wrap}}.brxe-block{align-items:flex-start;display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%}@media (max-width:767px){.brxe-block{flex-wrap:wrap}}[class*=brxe-]{max-width:100%}html{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:62.5%;height:100%}*,:after,:before{box-sizing:border-box;outline:none}*{border-color:var(--bricks-border-color)}body{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;word-wrap:break-word;background-color:#fff;background-position:50%;color:#363636;font-family:-apple-system,"system-ui",Segoe UI,roboto,helvetica,arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:15px;line-height:1.7}.brx-body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin:0 auto;width:100%}h3{margin:0;text-rendering:optimizelegibility}h3{font-size:1.8em}h3{line-height:1.4}img{height:auto;max-width:100%;outline:none;vertical-align:middle}button{border:none;outline:none;padding:0}label{color:var(--bricks-text-light);display:block;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:5px}button,input{font-family:inherit;text-align:inherit}input:not([type=submit]){border-style:solid;border-width:1px;box-shadow:none;color:currentcolor;font-size:inherit;line-height:40px;outline:none;padding:0 12px;width:100%}::placeholder{color:var(--bricks-border-color)}.skip-link{background:#000;border-bottom-right-radius:8px;color:#fff;font-weight:700;left:0;padding:5px 10px;position:fixed;top:0;transform:translateY(-102%);z-index:9999}.brx-submenu-toggle{align-items:center;display:flex}.brx-submenu-toggle.icon-right button{margin-left:10px}.brx-submenu-toggle button{align-items:center;background-color:transparent;color:currentcolor;display:flex;will-change:transform}#brx-content{flex:1;position:relative;width:100%}#brx-header{background-position:50%;background-size:cover;position:relative;width:100%}.screen-reader-text{clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);height:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}:root{--bricks-color-acss_import_transparent:transparent}body{font-family:"IWK Font"}.brxe-container{width:1366px}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper{bottom:0;color:#fff;display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;height:calc(var(--bricks-vh,1vh)*100);left:0;position:fixed;right:auto;scrollbar-width:none;top:0;visibility:hidden;width:300px;z-index:999}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{background:0 0;height:0;width:0}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper:before{background-color:#23282d;background-size:cover;bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;z-index:-1}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper.fade-in{opacity:0;transform:translateX(0)!important}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper.right{left:auto;right:0;transform:translateX(100%)}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper .bricks-mobile-menu{overflow-y:scroll;position:relative;scrollbar-width:none}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper .bricks-mobile-menu::-webkit-scrollbar{background:0 0;height:0;width:0}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper .bricks-mobile-menu>li>.brx-submenu-toggle>*,.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper .bricks-mobile-menu>li>a{padding:0 30px}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper a{display:block;width:100%}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper li a{line-height:60px}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper .sub-menu{background:none!important;display:none;line-height:40px}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper .sub-menu li>.brx-submenu-toggle>*,.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper .sub-menu li>a{padding:0 45px}.brxe-nav-menu .bricks-mobile-menu-overlay{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.25);bottom:0;left:0;opacity:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;visibility:hidden;z-index:-1}li.menu-item-has-children [aria-expanded] .menu-item-icon{background-color:transparent;color:inherit}li.menu-item-has-children [aria-expanded=false] .open{display:block}li.menu-item-has-children [aria-expanded=false] .close{display:none}.brxe-logo{color:currentcolor;font-size:20px;font-weight:600;line-height:1}.brxe-logo img{display:block;height:auto;width:auto}#brxe-mywlfr{padding-top:10px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:40px}@media (max-width:478px){#brxe-mywlfr{align-self:center;padding-left:10px}}#brxe-lwymce .x-search-form{--x-header-transiton:.2s;background-color:var(--shade-light)}#brxe-lwymce{margin-right:40px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;align-self:stretch}#brxe-lwymce .x-search-form input[type=search]{background-color:var(--white);padding-top:5px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:5px}@media (max-width:767px){#brxe-lwymce .x-search-form{padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px}}@media (max-width:478px){#brxe-lwymce{align-self:center;margin-right:5px;margin-left:5px}#brxe-lwymce .x-search-form{padding-right:40px;padding-left:40px}}#brxe-shehsh{flex-direction:row}@media (max-width:767px){#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-nav-menu-wrapper{display:none}}#brxe-kdmnhx{align-self:stretch;background-color:var(--black);text-align:center;color:var(--primary-ultra-light);font-style:normal;font-family:"IWK Font";height:40px;flex-direction:column;padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-nav-menu>li>a{color:var(--base-ultra-light);font-family:"IWK Font";font-weight:400}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-nav-menu>li>.brx-submenu-toggle>*{color:var(--base-ultra-light);font-family:"IWK Font";font-weight:400}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-nav-menu .sub-menu{background-color:var(--shade-light)}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-nav-menu .sub-menu>li>a{color:var(--fr-text-dark)}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-nav-menu .sub-menu>li>.brx-submenu-toggle>*{color:var(--fr-text-dark)}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-nav-menu .sub-menu .brx-submenu-toggle i{font-size:50%}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper{text-align:left}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-mobile-menu>li>a{color:var(--white)}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-mobile-menu>li>.brx-submenu-toggle>*{color:var(--white)}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-mobile-menu>.menu-item-has-children .brx-submenu-toggle button{font-size:50%}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-mobile-menu .sub-menu>li>a{color:var(--white)}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-mobile-menu .sub-menu>li>.brx-submenu-toggle>*{color:var(--white)}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-nav-menu>li{margin-right:30px;margin-left:30px}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-nav-menu>li.menu-item-has-children>.brx-submenu-toggle button[aria-expanded]{font-size:60%}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-nav-menu .brx-submenu-toggle button{margin-top:5px}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-nav-menu .sub-menu a{justify-content:flex-start}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-nav-menu .sub-menu button{justify-content:flex-start}@media (max-width:767px){#brxe-kdmnhx{padding-top:10px;padding-left:10px}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-mobile-menu-wrapper{width:60%}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-mobile-menu>li>a{padding-right:50px;padding-left:50px}#brxe-kdmnhx .bricks-mobile-menu>li>.brx-submenu-toggle>*{padding-right:50px;padding-left:50px}}@media (max-width:478px){#brxe-kdmnhx{align-self:stretch;padding-top:12px;padding-right:12px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:12px}}#brxe-bsvujz{flex-direction:column;background-color:var(--white);height:250px}#brxe-zsbonc{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}.brxe-post-content{width:100%}#brxe-e6f0f0{margin-bottom:var(--content-gap)}#brxe-ee55d0{background-color:var(--white);padding-right:40px;padding-left:40px}#brxe-60b132{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}.brxe-logo{color:currentcolor;font-size:20px;font-weight:600;line-height:1}.brxe-logo img{display:block;height:auto;width:auto}[class*=" ion-"],[class*=" ion-ios-"],[class*=" ion-md-"]{speak:never;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;display:inline-block;font-family:Ionicons;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1;text-rendering:auto;text-transform:none}[class*=" ion-"]:before,[class*=" ion-ios-"]:before,[class*=" ion-md-"]:before{font-family:Ionicons}.ion-ios-close:before{content:"\f406"}.ion-ios-play:before{content:"\f488"}.ion-md-arrow-dropdown:before{content:"\f280"}[class^=ti-]{speak:never;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;display:inline-block;font-family:themify;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1;text-transform:none}.ti-search:before{content:"\e610"}.ti-close:before{content:"\e646"}:root{--x-header-slide-height:0;--x-header-transiton:.3s;--x-headersearch-expand-width:260px}.brxe-xheadersearch{display:inline-flex;width:auto;position:static}button.x-header-search_toggle-open,button.x-header-search_toggle-close{padding:10px;background:0 0;border:none;box-shadow:none;color:inherit}button.x-header-search_toggle-open{display:inline-flex;gap:.5em;align-items:center}.brxe-xheadersearch .x-search-form{background:#f3f3f3;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;top:0;z-index:99;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.brxe-xheadersearch [data-type=header_overlay]+.x-search-form input[type=search]{width:100%}.brxe-xheadersearch .brxe-container{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;position:relative;flex-wrap:nowrap}.brxe-xheadersearch .x-search-form input[type=search]{border:none;background-color:transparent;padding:0}.brxe-xheadersearch label{margin:0;width:100%}.brxe-xheadersearch input[type=submit]{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute!important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important}.brxe-xheadersearch[class*=brxe-]{transform:none!important}.brxe-xheadersearch label{color:inherit}.brxe-xheadersearch input[type=search]::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:currentColor}.brxe-xheadersearch input:-webkit-autofill{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0px 1000px #fff inset!important}.skip-link{position:absolute;inset-block-start:1rem;inset-inline-start:1rem;transform:translateY(-250%);padding:var(--btn-pad-y) var(--btn-pad-x);border-radius:var(--btn-radius);border-style:solid;text-transform:var(--btn-text-transform);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--btn-text-decoration);text-decoration:var(--btn-text-decoration);letter-spacing:var(--btn-letter-spacing);font-weight:var(--btn-weight);font-style:var(--btn-text-style);min-inline-size:var(--btn-width);line-height:var(--btn-line-height);justify-content:center;text-align:center;border-width:var(--btn-border-size);font-size:1.8rem;font-size:calc(1.6rem + (.2*((100vw - 32rem)/104.6)));font-size:clamp(1.6rem,calc(.1912045889vw + 1.5388145315rem),1.8rem);background:var(--action);color:var(--action-ultra-light);display:inline-flex}body{font-size:1.8rem;font-size:calc(1.6rem + (.2*((100vw - 32rem)/104.6)));font-size:clamp(1.6rem,calc(.1912045889vw + 1.5388145315rem),1.8rem);line-height:1.5;background-color:var(--white)}h3{font-size:2.025rem;font-size:calc(1.92rem + (1.08*((100vw - 32rem)/104.6)));font-size:clamp(1.92rem,calc(1.0325047801vw + 1.5895984704rem),3rem);line-height:1.2}:root{--fr-bg-light:var(--shade-ultra-light);--fr-bg-dark:var(--shade-ultra-dark);--fr-text-light:var(--shade-ultra-light);--fr-text-dark:var(--shade-ultra-dark);--fr-card-padding:var(--space-m);--fr-card-gap:var(--space-s);--fr-card-border-size:.15rem;--fr-card-border-color:var(--shade-light);--fr-card-border-style:solid;--fr-card-radius:var(--radius-xs);--fr-card-avatar-radius:50%;--fr-lede-width:60ch;--fr-list-pad-y:.75em;--fr-list-pad-x:1.25em;--fr-hero-padding:var(--section-space-xl)}html{scroll-behavior:smooth}
Helene Belndorfer: Inneres Exil von Frauen während des Nationalsozialismus in (dem vor-/nachmaligen) Österreich – Institut für Wissenschaft und Kunst Zum Hauptinhalt springen Zur Fußzeile springen Helene Belndorfer: Inneres Exil von Frauen während des Nationalsozialismus in (dem vor-/nachmaligen) Österreich Das innere Exil manifestiert sich nicht wie das äußere in Statistiken der Vertreibung, Flucht und Aufnahme. Es bleibt als einsames nonkonformes bis widerständiges Verhalten im Inneren eines totalitären Systems unentdeckt, wenn es nicht durch Denunziation, Verfolgungsbehörden oder Zufall aktenkundig bzw. durch erhaltene Tagebuchaufzeichnungen oder mündliche bzw. schriftliche Erzählungen nach Ende des Nationalsozialismus sichtbar wird. Anhand konkreter Beispiele von Protagonistinnen wird in dem Referat mithilfe von Oral-History-Aufnahmen, schriftlichen Zeugnissen und Akten versucht, Voraussetzungen, Formen und Kommunikationsmuster dieses inneren Exils zu skizzieren. Dabei tut sich ein breites Spektrum auf. Es reicht von der wagemutigen Wiener Jüdin, die 1943 von der Gestapo wegen verbotswidrigen Besitzes eines Rundfunkgeräts und Verdachts des Abhörens ausländischer Sender festgenommen wurde, über eine systemresistente katholische Bauerntochter, die versuchte, Häftlingen des benachbarten KZ-Außenlagers zu helfen, bis zur sozialistischen Bürokraft, die mit dem Summen eines internationalen Arbeiterliedes im Büro den Kreis des inneren Exils überschritt und denunziert wurde. Als ein wichtiges Indiz für inneres Exilantentum, das aber durch zusätzliche systemkritische Verhaltensweisen zu belegen ist, wird das ab September 1939 zum »Rundfunkverbrechen« erklärte Hören ausländischer Radiosender herangezogen. Es wurde für die Hörerinnen zum wesentlichen Ventil in der Isolation und bildete häufig eine – den meisten nicht bewusste – Verbindungslinie zum “äußeren” Exil von Österreicher_innen, die in London und anderwärts vor den Mikrophonen saßen.
Helene Belndorfer: Historikerin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftlerin und (Radio-)Journalistin; 2015 Verleihung des Radiopreises der Erwachsenenbildung (gemeinsam mit Alfred Koch).